This report shows that employment practices attacked as exploitative in the nineteenth century are still common today. It reveals that vulnerable work is not inevitable, and that women, people from black and ethnic minority groups and disabled people are more likely to suffer its consequences. Around two million workers are trapped in a continual round of low-paid and insecure work where mistreatment is the norm. It sets out the analysis and proposals for how trade unions, employers, civil society and government should act to challenge vulnerable employment.