Drawing on numerous case studies, this text dissects the esential elements needed to understand the full range of confined space hazards. Discusses both atmospheric and physical hazards. Includes : Introduction and Overview ; Oxygen-Deficient and Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres ; Flammable Atmospheres ; Toxic Atmospheres ; Physical Hazards ; Entry Program Requirements ; Lockout/Tagout ; Ventilating Confined Spaces ; Atmospheric Testing ; Personal Protective Equipment ; Respiratory Protection ; Emergency Planning and Rescue ; Entry and Hot Work Permits ; and Employee Training.