In examining the role of enforcement in OHS regulation, this review briefly outlines the main significance of OHS as a public policy issue; and provides an overview of the evolution of the legal architecture and inspectorial practices that have historically underpinned OHS laws in Australia, along with more recent changes in these areas. This is followed by an evaluation of quantitative and qualitative studies that have sought to determine the deterrent effect of OHS enforcement. Funded through a grant under the SafeWork SA Commissioned Research Grants Programme.